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Although a wide assortment of devices qualify as uninterruptible power supplies, the term generally refers to mechanisms designed to manage the power flowing from a power source to an electronic device. Specifically, uninterruptible power supplies smooth out lags and surges in the input power, as well as provide a certain degree of power during power outages.

High-end UPS systems perform a number of other operations, as well, including data logging, system alert and control, and automatic shutdown. These functions may be executed by a single device, or by the proper integration of a UPS device into existing control systems. High-end UPS mechanisms will also provide a more reliable current flow, and eliminate the potential problems caused by switchover time in standby power supplies during power outages. Any gap in power, caused by the time it takes for the inverter to become active, can cause a loss of data or damage to electronic components. This can be averted with a properly integrated UPS system, which can actually trigger system shutdown in the case of long-term power loss.

Manufacturers of uninterruptible power supplies generally provide a VA rating, which indicates the maximum Volt/Amp output. This rarely coincides with the specifications of the equipment been powered by the UPS, and users should consult UPS manufacturers to best determine the proper unit for their needs.

In general, an uninterruptible power supply uses a wide range of components, including a battery, an inverter and a transformer. Other sensors may also be incorporated to monitor system attributes and signal various operations. Batteries are kept charged by the incoming current in order to provide the proper power in the case of a power sag, brownout or failure. Among the designs of UPS available are standby (the most basic type), line-interactive and Delta conversion online. Custom units for large-scale operations or high-power equipment are also produced by manufacturers.