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Radiation shielding is used to block harmful radiation emitted by various sources. This radiation, which can involve particle or electromagnetic radiation, is produced by x-ray machines, nuclear reactors, radioactive materials, cancer treatment machines, and an assortment of other medical and industrial devices and processes. Among the most regularly used shielding materials is lead, which blocks both x-ray and gamma radiation. Lead is extremely dense, stable, easily machined and readily available, therefore making it an excellent shielding solution.

Other materials used in radiation shielding are high-density tungsten-based alloys, depleted uranium, and barium sulfate. Shielding is available in a wide variety of forms, including blankets, bricks, protective clothing, baffles, leaded glass, and doors. Manufacturers provide an assortment of lead lined building materials, such as lead-lined plywood, angles and drywall, which are an effective means of blocking radiation in certain facilities. Proper installation of all radiation shielding is essential to its success.

When selecting radiation shielding, it is important to consider a wide range of factors, including the type of radiation, the desired effect of the shielding, the availability of required materials, and the frequency and extent of use. Local radiation control authorities and specialists should be consulted in all decisions, as improper shielding can actually increase the amount of harmful radiation and can lead to incalculable damage.

The majority of radiation shielding applications use some form of lead, whether as a lining material, a coating or as solid bricks. Virtually any other material can provide some level of radiation protection, but its thickness needs be adjusted based on its density; the less dense the material, the less effective its shielding abilities. When dealing with gamma radiation, a single inch of lead provides the same protection as six inches of concrete.