| TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|---|
| 1. | Unique Properties of Cemented Carbide | 1-1 |
| 1.1 | Definition of Cemented Carbide | 1-1 |
| 1.2 | The Effect of Size | 1-2 |
| 1.3 | The Effect of Stress State (Bending, Tension, Torsion) | 1-3 |
| 1.4 | Fatigue Strength | 1-4 |
| 1.5 | Modulus of Elasticity of Cemented Carbide | 1-4 |
| 1.6 | Shear Modulus of Cemented Carbide | 1-5 |
| 1.7 | Hardness | 1-5 |
| 1.8 | Density | 1-5 |
| 1.9 | Thermal Properties | 1-6 |
| 1.9.1 | Linear Expansion Coefficient | 1-6 |
| 1.9.2 | Thermal Conductivity | 1-6 |
| 1.10 | Electrical and Magnetic Properties | 1-6 |
| 1.10.1 | Electrical Resistance and Conductivity | 1-6 |
| 1.10.2 | Magnetic Properties | 1-6 |
| 1.11 | Permeability | 1-6 |
| 1.12 | Corrosion Resistance | 1-6 |
| 2. | Considerations for Designing with Cemented Carbide | 2-1 |
| 2.1 | Working Stress | 2-1 |
| 2.2 | Safety Factor Selection | 2-1 |
| 2.3 | Determination of Failure Stress | 2-2 |
| 2.4 | Fatigue Strength | 2-3 |
| 2.5 | Impact Resistance | 2-3 |
| 2.6 | Stress Concentration | 2-3 |
| 3. | Designing for Extreme Operating Conditions | 3-1 |
| 3.1 | Corrosion | 3-1 |
| 3.2 | Elevated Temperatures | 3-3 |
| 4. | Attaching and Assembling Cemented Carbide Parts | 4-1 |
| 4.1 | Mechanical Fastening | 4-1 |
| 4.2 | Design Rules For Mechanical Fastening | 4-1 |
| 4.3 | Methods of Mechanical Fastening | 4-2 |
| 4.3.1 | Clamping | 4-2 |
| 4.3.2 | Wedge | 4-2 |
| 4.3.3 | Dovetail | 4-2 |
| 4.3.4 | Screw Mounting | 4-3 |
| 4.3.5 | Draw Rod Mounting | 4-5 |
| 4.3.6 | Tapped Holes | 4-6 |
| 4.3.7 | Threaded Pins | 4-6 |
| 4.3.8 | Shrink Fit Mounting | 4-6 |
| 4.3.9 | Press Fits | 4-11 |
| 4.3.10 | Mounting External Rings and Sleeves | 4-12 |
| 4.3.11 | Expansion Joints | 4-13 |
| 4.4 | Brazing | 4-14 |
| 4.5 | Thermal Expansion | 4-14 |
| 4.6 | Thermal Strain | 4-15 |
| 4.7 | Relieving Braze Strains | 4-16 |
| 4.7.1 | Sandwich Braze | 4-16 |
| 4.7.2 | Counterstraining | 4-16 |
| 4.7.3 | Peening | 4-17 |
| 4.7.4 | Soaking | 4-17 |
| 4.8 | Designing to Avoid Strains | 4-17 |
| 4.9 | Shrink Brazing Circular Parts | 4-19 |
| 4.10 | Thin Wall Bushings For Inserted Threads in Carbide | 4-20 |
| 4.11 | Thickness of Brazed Joints | 4-20 |
| 4.12 | Types of Brazing Alloys | 4-21 |
| 4.12.1 | Low Temperature Soldering | 4-21 |
| 4.12.2 | Medium Temperature Brazing | 4-21 |
| 4.12.3 | High Temperature Brazing | 4-22 |
| 4.13 | Brazing to Hardened Steel | 4-23 |
| 4.14 | Shape of the Brazed Joint | 4-24 |
| 4.15 | Brazing Procedures for Cemented Carbide | 4-24 |
| 4.16 | Brazing Preparation Steps | 4-24 |
| 4.16.1 | Turning Plugs | 4-24 |
| 4.16.2 | Staging Parts | 4-24 |
| 4.16.3 | Brazing Parts | 4-25 |
| 4.16.4 | Cooling | 4-25 |
| 4.16.5 | Clean-Up and Inspection | 4-25 |
| 4.16.6 | Additional Notes | 4-25 |
| 4.17 | Brazing Procedure for Plugging of Fine Grain Cemented Carbide | 4-25 |
| 4.18 | Industrial Adhesives | 4-26 |
| 4.19 | Thermal Cycling | 4-27 |
| 4.20 | Surface Preparation | 4-27 |
| 4.21 | Adhesive Recommendations | 4-27 |
| 5. | Finishing Techniques for Cemented Carbide | 5-1 |
| 5.1 | Grinding of Cemented Carbide Parts | 5-1 |
| 5.2 | Grinding Factors | 5-2 |
| 5.3 | Cemented Carbide Surface Finishes | 5-2 |
| 5.4 | Electrical Discharge Machining of Cemented Carbide | 5-4 |
| 5.4.1 | What Is It? | 5-4 |
| 5.4.2 | How It Works | 5-4 |
| 5.5 | Designing Carbide Parts with EDM In Mind | 5-5 |
| 5.6 | Cutting Speed | 5-6 |
| 5.7 | EDM Limitations | 5-6 |
| 6. | Figures | |
| 6.1 | Figure 1-1 | 1-2 |
| 6.2 | Figure 1-1 | 1-5 |
| 6.3 | Figure 2-1 | 2-2 |
| 6.4 | Figure 3-1 | 3-1 |
| 6.5 | Figure 3-2 | 3-1 |
| 6.6 | Figure 3-3 | 3-2 |
| 6.7 | Figure 4-1 | 4-2 |
| 6.8 | Figure 4-2 | 4-2 |
| 6.8 | Figure 4-3 | 4-2 |
| 6.9 | Figure 4-4A | 4-3 |
| 6.10 | Figure 4-4B | 4-3 |
| 6.11 | Figure 4-4C | 4-3 |
| 6.12 | Figure 4-5 | 4-3 |
| 6.13 | Figure 4-6 | 4-4 |
| 6.14 | Figure 4-7 | 4-4 |
| 6.15 | Figure 4-8 | 4-4 |
| 6.16 | Figure 4-9 | 4-4 |
| 6.17 | Figure 4-10 | 4-5 |
| 6.18 | Figure 4-11 | 4-6 |
| 6.19 | Figure 4-12 | 4-6 |
| 6.20 | Figure 4-13 | 4-6 |
| 6.21 | Figure 4-14 | 4-7 |
| 6.22 | Figure 4-15 | 4-7 |
| 6.23 | Figure 4-16 | 4-10 |
| 6.24 | Figure 4-17 | 4-11 |
| 6.25 | Figure 4-18 | 4-12 |
| 6.26 | Figure 4-19 | 4-12 |
| 6.27 | Figure 4-20 | 4-12 |
| 6.28 | Figure 4-21 | 4-13 |
| 6.29 | Figure 4-22 | 4-13 |
| 6.30 | Figure 4-23 | 4-13 |
| 6.31 | Figure 4-24 | 4-13 |
| 6.32 | Figure 4-25 | 4-14 |
| 6.33 | Figure 4-26 | 4-15 |
| 6.34 | Figure 4-27 | 4-16 |
| 6.35 | Figure 4-28 | 4-17 |
| 6.36 | Figure 4-29 | 4-17 |
| 6.37 | Figure 4-30 | 4-17 |
| 6.38 | Figure 4-31 | 4-18 |
| 6.39 | Figure 4-32 | 4-18 |
| 6.40 | Figure 4-33 | 4-19 |
| 6.41 | Figure 4-34 | 4-21 |
| 6.42 | Figure 5-1 | 5-1 |
| 6.43 | Figure 5-2 | 5-2 |
